Downloads

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RAS Round 3 Dataset and Codebook

RAS3 covers government religion policy in 183 counties and independent territories for 1990 to 2014. This version of RAS includes a new module with a battery of variables measuring societal discrimination against minority religions as well as minority actions taken against both the majority group and other minority groups.

Download the RAS Dataset in multiple formats (SPSS, Stata, Ascii text)

Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

Online codebook with frequencies

RAS Minorities Round 3 Dataset

This Religion and State-Minorities (RASM) dataset is supplemental to the Religion and State round 3 (RAS3) dataset. It codes the RAS religious discrimination variable using the minority as the unit of analysis. . For example, in the UK, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, Muslims, Orthodox Christians, and Sikhs are all coded separately (RAS3 uses a country as the unit of analysis and, is a general measure of all discrimination in the country). RASM includes 771 minorities in 183 countries includes in the main RAS dataset. The dataset includes all minorities which are at least 0.2% of the population as well as the following categories of minorities regardless of their population size: (1) Christians in Muslim countries, (2) Muslims in Christian countries, and (3) Jews in Christian-majority and Muslim-majority countries, where present.

Download the RAS Minorities Round 3 Dataset in multiple formats (SPSS, Stata, Ascii text)

Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

Online codebook with frequencies

Religious Minorities at Risk Dataset (RMAR)

This project collects data for 771 minorities in some 183 countries worldwide. The two principal investigators are Jonathan Fox (Bar-Ilan University) and Matthias Basedau (GIGA). The project is funded by the German-Israeli-Foundation (GIF) and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF) and runs from 2015 to 2018.

The project seeks to compile data on the discrimination of religious minorities, their grievances and political actions (mobilization, conflict) as well as some group characteristics in order to investigate the relationship (causal chain) between these elements, especially whether discrimination leads to grievances and then to several forms of protest or other (violent) collective action and/or conflict. The German part primarily looks at the grievances and the political mobilization.

Download the RMAR Dataset in Excel format (CSV)

Download the RMAR Dataset in STATA format (DTA)

RMAR Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

RAS Constitutions Dataset

This dataset contains 154 variables which measure the presence of religion clauses in constitutions and is coded yearly from 1990 to 2022.

Download the RAS Constitutions Dataset v1.02 in SPSS format

Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

Specialized Versions of the RAS Dataset

Data for "Contemporary Evidence Regarding the Impact of State Regulation of Religion on Religious Participation and Belief" Sociology of Religion.

This version of the RAS dataset includes data from the WVS and ISSP surveys. The version of the WVS and ISSP data used in this study is based on country-level measures developed from these datasets by Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary. The data includes only those cases and years for which the WVS and ISSP are available. See the article for more details.

Dataset in SPSS format (This file can be opened by most major statistical software packages)

Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

Data for Jonathan Fox & Deborah Flores "Religions, Constitutions, and the State: a Cross-National Study" Journal of Politics.

This dataset contains three supplemental variables measuring religion clauses in constitutions for the year 2002.

Dataset in SPSS format (This file can be opened by most major statistical software packages)

Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

Other Downloads

Codebook for Religion and Civilization Variables for Use with the PITF Dataset

This dataset contains variables covering data on civil wars from the PITF dataset with variables measuring the religious and civilizational content of the conflict. The data covers 1948 to 2009. For more details see:

Jonathan Fox "The Religious Wave: Religion and Domestic Conflict, 1960 to 2009" Civil Wars, 14 (2), 2012, 141-158

Dataset

Codebook

Religion variables for use with the Minorities at Risk Dataset

The Minorities at Risk (MAR) project collects data on ethnic minorities in the post-World War II era. It includes data on over 300 minorities. The following datasets were collected by Jonathan Fox for use with the MAR data.

Operationalizing Huntington's Civilizations: This dataset is designed to operationalize Samuel Huntington's concept of civilizations and to provide variables for religious identity, both for use with the Minorities at Risk (MAR) dataset. The codebook contains a description of the variables. The dataset is in SPSS format.

Dataset

Codebook

Religion and Ethnic Conflict: The purpose of this dataset is to provide variables measuring the religious elements of ethnic conflict that can be used with the Minorities at Risk Phase III dataset. The unit of analysis is the ethnic minority. The variables described below are coded for the 105 cases in the MARIII dataset in which the ethnic minorities involved are religiously different from the majority group. For operational purposes, a minority is considered to be a separate religion if it is 80% different from the majority group. Protestant and Catholic Christianity are considered separate religions for the purposes of this study. However, Orthodox Christianity is not considered sufficiently different from either Protestantism or Catholicism for such conflicts to be included. The Sunni and Shi'i branches of Islam are considered separate religions for the purpose of this study. In addition, cases of civil war are also not included because the study for which this data was collected focuses on the relationship between minority groups and governments controlled by a majority group. Cases where these is no effective government, like Bosnia, are therefore not included. A list of the groups included in this study is provided at the end of this codebook. There are three types of religious variables coded: religious grievances, religious discrimination, and religious demands. The dataset is in SPSS format.

Dataset

Codebook

Archived Datasets

The round 1 version of the RAS and RAS-Minorities datasets cover 1990 to 2002. Round 2 covered 1990 to 2008. While they are no longer the authoritative versions of the datasets, we archive them here to make them available for purposes of replication of past studies which used these data. As we consider the most recent versions of the RAS and RAS-Minorities datasets to be both more accurate and complete we recommend that these most recent versions be used for all future studies.

The RAS Round 1 Dataset in SPSS format (This file can be opened by most major statistical software packages)

The RAS Round 1 Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

The RAS Round 2 Dataset in multiple formats (SPSS, Stata, Ascii text)

The RAS Round 2 Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

RAS Minorities Round 1 Dataset in SPSS format (This file can be opened by most major statistical software packages)

RAS Minorities Round 1 Codebook (This file contains a description of the variables contained in the dataset)

RAS Minorities Round 2 Dataset in multiple formats (SPSS, Stata, Ascii text)